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Chapter 11

Let's play the name game:

        Just a little practice naming these hydrocarbons and tell what kind of bonds are present between atoms.

 butane

 

 

 cyclopentane

 

 

 

 

 

 

ethyne

 

 

CH3(CH2)4CH3

 

Now try drawing these structures:

1-ethyl-3-methylcycloheptane

 

 

1-ethyl-3-methylcyclobutane

 

Some Review Notes:

 

Structural Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula, but different molecular structures.  For example, heptane with the structural formula C7H16 has nine structural isomers!  Draw and name some.

 

 

Geometric Isomers refer to the akenes (double bonded hydrocarbons).  Theyare compounds with the same molecular formula, but the isomers occur whenever one H and one substituent are on each side of the double bond.  Side by side across the double bond = cis-    and diagonally across the double bond = trans-  .  Try your hand at drawing some of the compounds below.

 

trans-2-butene                                                                cis-2-butene

 

 

 

 

cis-3,4-dimethyl-3-hexene                                                trans-3,4-dimethyl-3-hexene

 

 

 

The orbital hybridization of the alkenes is different than the alkanes.  The alkenes have hybrid orbitals formed by the combination of a 2s orbital and two 2p orbitals to form sp2 hybridized orbitals which can form sigma bonds.  There is one 2p orbital left.  The overlap of two 2p orbitals on neighboring carbons produces a pi bond.

 

Aromatic Compounds

        These are compounds based on the parent molecule benzene.

 

benzene

The benzene ring has the molecular formula C6H6.  Arenes have sp2 hybridiation.  The benzene ring is flat with p orbital lobes above and below.  The electrons in these pi orbitals are delocalized.
 

Try drawing some of these aromatic compounds.

ethylbenzene            

 

 

m-diethylbenzene    What's another name for this?

 

 

1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene

 

 

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