Amines are derivatives of ammonia, where R groups replace hydrogen.  The amine N has one unshared pair of electrons.

• Primary amines have 1 R group attached to amine N.

• Secondary amines have 2 R groups attached to amine N.

• Tertiary amines have 3 R groups attached to amine N

• Amines have sp³ orbital hybridization, pyramidal geometry.

• H-bond with water and self (only if primary or secondary).

• The amine N has an unshared pair of electrons and can form a fourth bond here.  This bond will be a coordinate covalent bond because both electrons are coming from one atom (the N).  A quarternary amine has a 1+ charge.

Naming Amines (For aliphatic amines)

• List the R groups attached to the amine N in alphabetical order.  Follow with the word "amine"

Names of Aromatic Amines

• The parent aromatic amine is aniline.  So. . .

• Substituents on the amine N are preceded by the prefix N- so that it is clear that they are not on the benzene ring.

• More than one benzene ring?  Name as phenyl substituents instead of aniline.

Heterocyclic Amines

• A heterocyclic amine has the N incorporated into the ring.  Common names are used .

• When the ring has double bonds like pyridine, it has sp² orbital hybridization (flat geometry).  But for heterocyclic amines like piperdine (which has the amine N incorporated into a 6 membered ring with all single bonds) the orbital hybridization is sp³.

Naming Amines (for aliphatic amines)

• List the R gorups attached to the N in alphabetical order.  Follow with word "amine"

Names of Aromatic Amines:

• The parent aromatic amine is aniline.

• Substituents on the amine nitrogen are preceded by the prefix "N-" so that it is clear that they are not on the benzene ring.  For example: N-methyaniline (the methyl group is on the amine nitrogen).

• More than one benzene ring?  Name as phenyl substituents instead of aniline.

   

   

Heterocyclic Amines

• A heterocyclic amine has the N incorporated into the ring.  Common names are used.  

• When the ring has double bonds like pyridine, it has sp² hybridization (flat geometry).  But for heterocyclic amines like piperdine (which has the amine N incorporated into a 6 membered ring with all single bonds) the orbital hybridization is sp³.

The amine N has an unshared pair of electrons and can form a fourth bond here.  This bond will be a coordinate covalent bond because both electrons are coming from on atom (the N).  A quaternary amine has a 1+ charge.

Amides

• Ammonia or amine derivatives of organic acids.

• Naming:

  • Drop the -ic or -oic ending from parent acid and add the ending -amide.

  • Name substituents of the nitrogen as prefixes preceded by N-

Alkaloids

• group of physiologically active amines produced by plants.  Nicotine and morphine are examples.

   

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